Management
Management is the organizational process that
includes strategic planning, setting; objectives, managing resources, deploying
the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring
results. Management also includes recording and storing facts and information
for later use or for others within the organization. Management functions are
not limited to managers and supervisors. Every member of the organization has
some management and reporting functions as part of their job.
What is functions of management ?
Every organization, regardless of
size, has developed and implemented its own management concepts in order for it
to run smoothly and accomplish the vision, goals and objectives it has set
forth. As such, the basic functions of management, broken down into four
different areas, allow for it to handle the strategic, tactical and operational
decisions for the organization. The four
functions of management are:
planning, organizing, directing, and controling
Planning
is the core area of all the functions of management. It is the foundation upon
which the other three areas should be build. Planning requires management to
evaluate where the company is currently, and where it would like to be in the
future. From there an appropriate course of action to attain the company's
goals and objectives is determined and implemented.
The
planning process is ongoing. There are uncontrollable, external factors that
constantly affect a company both positively and negatively. Depending on the
circumstances, these external factors may cause a company to adjust its course
of action in accomplishing certain goals. This is referred to as strategic
planning.
During
strategic planning, management analyzes internal and external factors that do
and may affect the company, as well as the objectives and goals. From there
they determine the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
In order for management to do this effectively, it has to be realistic and
comprehensive.
Getting
organized is the second function of management. Management must organize all
its resources in order to implement the course of action it determined in the
planning process. Through the process of getting organized, management will
determine the internal organizational structure; establish and maintain
relationships, as well as allocate necessary resources.
In
determining the internal structure, management must look at the different
divisions or departments, the coordination of staff, and what is the best way
to handle the necessary tasks and disbursement of information within the
company. Management will then divide up the work that needs to be done,
determine appropriate departments, and delegate authority and responsibilities.
The
third function of management is directing. Through directing, management is
able to influence and oversee the behavior of the staff in achieving the
company's goals, as well as assisting them in accomplishing their own personal
or career goals. This influence can be gained through motivation,
communication, department dynamics, and department leadership.
Employees
that are highly motivated generally go above and beyond in their job
performance, thereby playing a vital role in the company achieving its goals.
For this reason, managers tend to put a lot of focus on motivating their
employees. They come up with reward and incentive programs based on job performance
and geared toward the employees' needs.
Effective
communication is vital in maintaining a productive working environment,
building positive interpersonal relationships, and problem solving.
Understanding the communication process and working on areas that need
improvement help managers to become more effective communicators. The best way
to find areas that need improvement is to periodically ask themselves and
others how well they are doing.
Controlling
is the last of the four functions of management. It involves establishing
performance standards based on the company's objectives, and evaluating and
reporting actual job performance. Once management has done both of these
things, it should compare the two to determine any necessary corrective or
preventive action.
Management
should not lower standards in an effort to solve performance problems. Rather
they should directly address the employee or department having the problem.
Conversely, if limited resources or other external factors prohibit standards
from being attained, management should lower standards as needed.
The
control process, as with the other three, is ongoing. Through controlling,
management is able to identify any potential problems and take the necessary
preventative measures. Management is also able to identify any developing
problems that need to be addressed through corrective action.
In
order for management to be considered successful, it must attain the goals and
objectives of the organization. This requires creative problem solving in each
of the four functions of management. More so, success requires that management
be both effective and efficient. Therefore, it needs to not only accomplish
those goals and objectives, but do it in a way that the cost of accomplishment
is viable for the company.
What hierarchical Levels of
Management ?
- Top management (including the
members of the board of directors of the company- responsible for
strategic management).
- Senior management (or upper
management; normally, the heads of various departments- responsible for
operations management).
- Middle management (responsible
for operational management).
- Junior or lower management
(they include supervisors, team leaders or, foreman etc- responsible
for transaction control)
Sumber Referensi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management
http://voices.yahoo.com/the-four-functions-management-foundation-all-538016.html
https://www.boundless.com/business/management/types-of-management/management-levels-a-hierarchical-view/
https://www.google.com/search?q=hierarchical+levels+of+management&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=YHolU8DeK8WJrQfL6IC4BQ&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1024&bih=605
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